TNF and coinfection: An interesting finding associated with the present results is the contrasting values of the inflammatory mediators (SP-A, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-18, IL-17A, and IL-23) of the non-HIV co-infected group, because co-infection induced lower median values of these cytokines, which were dissimilar to the values reached by individual Non-HIV-Hc or Non-HIV-Pj groups, highlighting that cytokines median values in H. capsulatum infection were always higher than in P. jirovecii infection.