FGF23 and congestive heart failure: Scialla et al. [55] found in a cohort of 3860 CKD patients that elevated FGF23 was associated with congestive HF (CHF) more strongly than with atherosclerotic events (p = 0.02), and uniformly it was related to a greater risk of CHF (hazard ratio [HR], 1.45 per doubling [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.28 to 1.65]; HR for highest versus lowest quartile, 2.98 [95% CI, 1.97 to 4.52]), and atherosclerotic events (HR per doubling, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.09 to 1.40]; and HR for highest versus lowest quartile, 1.76 [95% CI, 1.20 to 2.59]).