Iacoviello et al. [68] evaluated the association between Gal-3 serum levels and the progression of renal dysfunction in 260 chronic HF patients: in these subjects Gal-3 was associated with a 1-year worsening of renal function on univariate analysis (odds ratio: 1.12; 95% CI: 1.06–1.18; p < 0.001). This evidence concerns the gene LGALS3 and Abnormal renal physiology.