Urine and serum biomarkers, including urinary angiotensinogen, urinary enzyme N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase (NAG), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin 18 (IL-18), high sensitivity troponin I (hs-cTnI), and kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) measured at the time of CRS diagnosis show improved risk stratification in determining which patients will experience adverse outcomes [13]. This evidence concerns the gene IL18 and congenital rubella syndrome.