INS and diabetes mellitus: Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of metabolic disorders that are characterized by a deficiency in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or a combination of both, resulting in hyperglycemia.[1, 2] The main DM subtypes are Types I and II, which are grouped on the basis of their pathogenesis, such as insulin deficiency (Type I) and/or resistance (Type II).