PAPPA and ovarian carcinoma: Regarding PAPPA, although we did not find a differential level of PAPP‐A expression between normal ovarian tissue and ovarian cancer, there is evidence that the downregulation of the pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPPA) gene can reduce IGF‐I‐dependent Akt and ERK1/2 activation, thereby reducing the growth, invasion, and metastasis of OC cells.48