IL4 and atopic eczema: Many therapies have been applied to improve patients’ quality of life, including phototherapy, systemic corticosteroids, systemic immunosuppressants, and monoclonal antibody dupilumab.291 Their insufficient effect and potential risks still need to be addressed.291 An increase in cytokines, such as Th2, Th22, Th1, and Th17 secreted cytokines, has been identified in atopic dermatitis skin lesions.292–294 The JAK/STAT pathway, as a cytokine-mediated signal transduction pathway, can exacerbate disease development.294 For instance, IL-4 has a critical role in the pathogeny of atopic dermatitis.