PTGS2 and neoplasm: BV decreases the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and MAP kinase and leads to a reduced expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) inducible nitric oxide (iNO), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), thus diminishing the skin damage [20].