INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: We now consider these divergent phenotypes to be separate diseases: type 1 diabetes (T1D, also known as insulin-dependent diabetes and formerly as juvenile diabetes), which is associated with islet autoimmunity and near complete loss of insulin production [17,20,21]; and type 2 diabetes (T2D, also known as insulin-independent diabetes), which is associated with insulin resistance and relative insulin insufficiency [18,22,23].