TNF and neoplasm: Similarly, a high number of tumor-associated macrophages lead to an increased production of angiogenic factors such as VEGF, PDGF, IL-8, TNF-α und bFGF [85,89,90,91] and an enhanced expression of angiogenesis promoting enzymes such as MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9 and MMP-12 [85,92,93].