There are several pathologies that regulate TGF-β levels–chronically elevated TGF-β levels are found in patients with chronic inflammation, e.g., patients with diabetes mellitus, COPD, liver- or kidney- fibrosis/cirrhosis, frequently displaying secondary osteoporosis with increased fracture risk and delayed fracture healing. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.