Elevated expression of miR-195 is observed in lung tissues of COPD patients and mice exposed to cigarette smoke, which causes downregulation of its target PH domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) and increases Akt phosphorylation, leading to increased expression of IL-6 and TNF-α (Gu et al., 2018). Here, TNF is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.