TGFB1 and pulmonary fibrosis: For example, miR-199a-5p is upregulated in lungs and lung myofibroblasts from IPF patients and bleomycin (BLM)-induced mouse models and activates lung fibroblast and fibrosis through targeting caveolin-1 (CAV-1), a major mediator of pulmonary fibrosis, and modulation of TGF-β signaling, which is involved in activation of fibroblasts proliferation and induction of EMT in alveolar epithelial cells (Lino Cardenas et al., 2013).