During the fibrosis progress, PDE/cAMP pathway could regulate renal fibrosis [(Ding et al., 2018)], lung fibrosis (Wójcik-Pszczoła et al., 2020), liver fibrosis (Essam et al., 2019) Moreover, BATMAN-TCM bioinformatics analysis showed that arecoline might directly interact with 22 PDE family members (Supplementary Table S1). Here, ALDH7A1 is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.