TNF and Alzheimer disease: Emerging evidence demonstrated that the AD-associated pro-inflammatory factors such as IL-1β and TNF-α played important roles in synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death (Gaur and Agnihotri, 2015; Pettigrew et al., 2016; Rincon-Lopez et al., 2017; Rizzo et al., 2018; Xiao et al., 2020).