IFNG and neoplasm: Taken together, our in vitro and in silico findings show that, although hypoxia-mediated cellular PD-L1 upregulation is not seen in bladder cancer cell lines, there is an overall increased expression of PD-L1 as tumour hypoxia increases in bladder cancer, which could be a result of increased IFNγ-signalling in the more hypoxic TMEs leading to an increased PD-L1 expression.