TLR2 and colitis: Furthermore, exposure to pathogenic E. coli and probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei F19 bacteria increases TLR2 expression in enteric glial cell cultures [132], whereas administration of dextran sulfate sodium to TLR2 knock-out mice alters enteric neurochemical profile and architecture, reduces intestinal motility and mucosal secretion, and causes the TLR2 knock-out mice to develop more severe colitis than wild-type mice [125], highlighting the importance of the signalling between microbes and TLR2 for ENS function.