TLR4 and multiple system atrophy: Thus, it follows that TLR4 knockout in mice over-expressing oligodendroglial α-synuclein (a model of multiple system atrophy, another synucleinopathy) increases brain α-synuclein deposition, nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor dysfunction, highlighting a potential neuroprotective role of TLR4 in α-synuclein clearance [193].