Interestingly, many human orthologs of the genes up-regulated in the lungs of AR-infected mice were found to be also induced in COVID-19 patients, including genes related to leukocyte trafficking (e.g., Ccl11, Ccl8, Ccl2, Cxcl9 and Cxcl10), antiviral response induced by type I IFN (Ifitm3, Ifit2, Oas1a, Oas3, Stat1, Irf1, Mx1, Mx2, Isg15) and TNF (Tnfsf10) (40–42)(Fig. 3I, Figure S9 and Data file S1). Here, IRF1 is linked to COVID-19.