ACE and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: On univariate analysis, age (p<0.0001), male gender (p<0.0001), use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (p<0.0038), angiotensin receptor blockers (p<0.0001), diuretics (p<0.0001), and vasopressors (p<0.0001), presence of CKD (p<0.0001), CAD (p<0.0001), COPD (p=0.0008), DLP (p=0.0008), DM (p<0.0001), HF (p<0.0001), and HTN (<0.0001), kidney transplant status (p=0.0112), and mechanical ventilation (p,0.0001) were associated with development of AKI (Table 1).