MAPT and HIV-1 infection: Analyses of pTau normalized to total Tau showed that HIV-1 infection increased Tau phosphorylation at Thr181 by 8.5 to 11-fold (Fig. 8e and f; P = 0.002), at Ser396 by 18 to 22-fold (Fig. 8g and h, P < 0.0001), at Ser199 by 3.5 to 4-fold (Fig. 8g and i, P < 0.0001), and at Thr231 by 1.6 to 2-fold (Fig. 8g and j, P = 0.002).