TNF and hand, foot and mouth disease: Although the exact pathogenesis of severe HFMD caused by EV-A71 has not been fully elucidated, increasing evidence have shown that inflammatory mediators including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), etc. contribute to the development and severity of EV-A71-associated HFMD in Children [8, 9].