INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: In addition, patients’ education has been identified as an important component toenhance glucose control during Ramadan.32,33 Al-Ozairi et al34 showed that patients with T1DM, whether treated with injections or CSII, whounderwent diabetes education involving Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE) andbasal insulin reduction in a controlled fashion, were able to improve TIR duringRamadan.