Yiu et al. showed that the inhibition of C5a using a mixed L-RNA/DNA Spiegelmer, NOX-D21, in db/db mice for 12 weeks attenuated glomerulosclerosis and tubulointerstitial damage; however, albuminuria and infiltration of macrophages into the kidney were not affected by the treatment (164). This evidence concerns the gene C5AR1 and glomerulosclerosis.