TGF-β also regulates other signaling pathways through non-Smad signaling pathways, such as pathways involving Wnt/β-catenin, MAPK, mTOR, IKK, PI3K/Akt, and Rho GTPase, thereby contributing to liver fibrosis (Zhang, 2017; Mi et al., 2019). Here, TGFB1 is linked to Hepatic fibrosis.