GAL and ulcerative colitis: Anti-Gal IgM, IgG, and IgA activities were found to be elevated in patients of Crohn’s disease (D’Alessandro et al., 2002), whereas only anti-Gal IgA is elevated in Henoch–Schönlein purpura (Davin et al., 1987), in ulcerative colitis (D’Alessandro et al., 2002), and in Alzheimer’s disease (Angiolillo et al., 2021).