ENPP2 and lung carcinoma: For instance, inhibiting ENPP2 decreases initial breast tumor growth and subsequent lung metastatic nodules in mice (Benesch et al., 2014), ENPP2 is highly secreted from ovarian cancer stem cells (CSC) (Seo et al., 2016), and the ENPP2/LPA signaling axis is critical for maintaining CSC characteristics (Seo et al., 2016), facilitating estrogen-induced endometrial cancer cell proliferation (Zhang et al., 2018) and promoting K-ras-(G12D)-driven lung cancer pathogenesis (Magkrioti et al., 2018).