TNF and dengue disease: DENV infection triggers several pathways, including DENV nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) antibody-induced autophagy, the activation of the complement pathway, the dysregulation of B and T cells, elevated levels of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interferon (IFN)-γ, which were considered to be associated with the development of autoimmunity in dengue patients (4–8).