INS and cancer: We then analyzed 36 genes, including KIT, PDGFRA and 34 other genes with novel mutations or potential clinical significance (Table 3), using KEGG and GO pathway enrichment analyses, and showed that these genes were enriched in several important cancer- or metabolism-related signaling pathways, including PI3K-Akt, mTOR, AMPK, FoxO, and insulin signaling (Figures 4B, C).