Further, in mutant KRAS driven NSCLC inhibition of PI3K-mTOR did not reduce tumor growth substantially (Engelman et al., 2008) but inhibition of cRAF, another effector of KRAS, decreased cancer progression (Blasco et al., 2011; Karreth et al., 2011). The gene discussed is RAF1; the disease is non-small cell lung carcinoma.