TGFB1 and preeclampsia: Preeclampsia is also associated with poor integrin α1β1 expression on extravillous trophoblasts, NK cell dysfunction, and the activation of macrophages, thus increasing EVT apoptosis, necrosis, and tumor growth factor (TGF)-β production by hypoxic stress (Straszewski-Chavez et al., 2005; Akaishi et al., 2014; Saito and Nakashima, 2014).