CD40LG and Alzheimer disease: As shown in Figure 1, significant proliferation of CD19+ B cell in TLRs stimulation group alone, as well as in combination with anti-IgM and sCD40L, were observed in both AD-HIE patients (P = 0.037 and P < 0.001 for R848 group and CpG group vs. control group, respectively; P = 0.003 and P < 0.001 for R848 and CpG together with anti-IgM plus sCD40L group vs anti-IgM plus sCD40L group, respectively), and healthy controls (all P-values were < 0.001).