TLR9 and Alzheimer disease: To investigate the TLR-induced B cell proliferation in AD-HIES patients, CFSE labeled PBMCs from AD-HIES patients and age-matched healthy controls were stimulated with R848 or CpG (TLR7/8 or TLR9 agonists, respectively) alone, or in combination with F(ab') 2 fragments (anti-IgM) plus soluble CD40L (sCD40L).