MVP and infection: Overexpression of FLAG-MVP did not affect infection levels, but knockdown resulted in a significant decrease in infection levels, in line with its documented role to protect Listeria from autophagy (Dortet et al., 2011) (Supplementary Figures 5C, D) To exclude any cell type specific effects, we repeated the experiments with DDAH1 in HCT-116 cells, an intestinal epithelial cell line relevant for Listeria infection (Burrack et al., 2009).