RNF213 and multiminicore myopathy: RNF213 is expressed at baseline levels in many tissues (Liu et al., 2011), but is upregulated by LPS, TNFα and interferon (IFN), supporting the idea that inflammatory and innate immune signals might act as potential environmental triggers for MMD (Kobayashi et al., 2015; Ohkubo et al., 2015;Bosch et al., 2020; Sarkar and Thirumurugan, 2020).