In addition to the induction of NF-κB signaling by extracellular ligand/cell-surface receptors interactions, chemotherapy-induced DNA damage can also activate NF-κB, leading to the transcription of numerous NF-κB-activated anti-apoptotic genes, the desensitization of cells to apoptosis, and further promotion of cancer progression (94, 95). Here, NFKB1 is linked to cancer.