SMAD3 and Hepatic fibrosis: In addition, in another rat model of liver fibrosis, Hernández-Aquino et al. showed that naringenin was able to block carbon tetrachloride- (CCl4-) induced liver inflammation, necrosis, and fibrosis by reducing oxidative stress as well as by preventing NF-κB, TGF-β/Smad3, and JNK/Smad3 signaling pathways [89], which was in agreement with the findings reported by the same research team in another study [90].