LEP and cancer: Leptin exerts its biological action majorly through binding to and activating the leptin receptors (LEPR) (Garofalo and Surmacz, 2006; Ghasemi et al., 2019), and the gene encoding LEPR overlapping transcript (LEPROT), which is shown to negatively regulate leptin signaling by reducing expressions of LEPR on the cell membrane, is considered as an anticancer factor in cancer progression.