CCL2 and neoplasm: CCL2/CCR2 signaling also triggers the JAK/STAT pathway by activating Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) (61), and thereby triggers downstream pathways, including STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5 (62, 63), which further inhibit apoptosis and induce extravasation and expansion of tumor cells like colon carcinoma (64).