Blood samples form T1D patients, CBy.PL(B6)-Thy1a/ScrJ (CD90.1 BALB/c), Balb/cByJ (CD90.2 BALB/c), Balb/c.Cg-Foxp3tm2Tch/J (BALB/c Foxp3GFP), and NOD/ShiLtJ mice, NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid H2-Ab1tm1Gru Il2rgtm1Wjl Tg(HLA-DQA1,HLA-DQB1) 1Dv//Sz mice. The gene discussed is HLA-DQA1; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.