Complete deficiency in TLR3 expression (TLR3-/-) inhibits survival after CB4 infection (12), whereas a slight loss in TLR3 expression (TLR3+/-) retains sufficient signaling function for protection against CB4 (Figure 1B) and another coxsackievirus associated with T1D, coxsackievirus B1 (CB1, not shown). Here, TLR3 is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.