In CB4-infected NOD mice heterozygous for MDA5 (13) expression of both MDA5 and TLR3 is increased compared to wt NOD mice at day 3 post-infection, whereas in CB4-infected TLR3+/- mice only TLR3 expression is increased compared to wt mice in the pancreas (Figure 1E). Here, IFIH1 is linked to infection.