IGF1 and hyperinsulinism: Hyperinsulinemia can stimulate the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, which plays an important role in cancer development and progression due to increased cell proliferation and anti-apoptotic effects through IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) over-expression, over-activation, and endocrine/paracrine/autocrine production of its ligands, IGF-I, and IGF-II (28–32).