SYCP3 and Testicular atrophy: We did not find any pronounced morphological abnormalities, such as testicular atrophy, deficiency, or loss of the seminiferous epithelium between the control and T2D testes. Immunolabeling of a meiotic marker, synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SYCP3) (46), revealed that T2D testes contained all stages of meiotic cells similar to controls (Figures 5B–D).