TNF and psychotic disorder: A meta-analysis of 40 studies assessing cytokine alterations in acutely relapsed inpatients and those with first-episode psychosis found that some cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)) may be state markers for acute exacerbations, while others (IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and sIL-2R) may be trait markers [40].