The GRS of the top four SNPs (ADCY5 rs11708067, MADD rs7944584, CRY2 rs11605924, and CDKAL1 rs7756992) among 12 SNPs tested for association with the disposition index (Table 2) [29–32] using equal weights was associated with the disposition index (beta = − 0.31, SE = 0.29, p [adjusted for age, BMI, and ethnicity] = 0.00096; p for diabetes [no covariates] = 0.81). Here, CDKAL1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.