We also analyzed the TP53 mutation rate and allele frequencies (AFs) of the TP53 mutation in control and PBM without GBC patients and found that the TP53 mutation rate was 10, 10, 38, and 75% (Fig. 3A, p < 0.01), and the median (mean) AFs of TP53 mutation were 0 (1.2), 0 (0.3), 0 (8.3), and 6.2 (19.1) (Fig. 3B and Additional file 2, p = 0.86) in the epithelium of control patients, epithelium of PBM patients without GBC, peritumoral mucosa of GBC patients with PBM, and tumor tissue of GBC patients with PBM, respectively, which showed a stepwise increase in the TP53 mutation rate. Here, TP53 is linked to neoplasm.