Previous studies identified miR-21-3p target genes: in ovarian cells it targets NAV3 [73], a known tumor suppressor; in hepatocellular carcinoma, it targets SMAD7, an inhibitor of the TGFβ pathway [74]; and in ESCC, it targets TRAF4 [58]. The gene discussed is TRAF4; the disease is esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.