These include evolution of HIV viraemia, HIV antigenemia, HIV antibody responses, recognition of a stable set point viral load and the onset of clinical immunodeficiency.5,10,11,12 HIV antibodies (IgG and IgM) and the p24 biomarker are used in the diagnosis of HIV infection, and these biomarker profiles change from the point of infection (Figure 1). Here, CD40LG is linked to infection.