Interaction of RAGE and HMGB1 leads to the phosphorylation of MAPKs and activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages, which stimulates the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IL-1) by macrophages to promote tumor progression (Wen et al., 2019). This evidence concerns the gene HMGB1 and neoplasm.