PLAU and hemorrhagic disease: Interestingly, Dirofilaria immitis, another nematode parasitizing the heart and pulmonary arteries of dogs, is not known to cause bleeding disorders in dogs but its ESP enhanced tPA and uPA protein expression in stimulated endothelial cells and decreased serpin E1 protein expression (González-Miguel et al., 2012; González-Miguel et al., 2015a), which is in contrast to our findings.