Nevertheless, discordant results were reported in preclinical settings after blocking TNF-α (Bilate et al., 2007; Pérez et al., 2009; Pereira et al., 2014; Pereira et al., 2015), and the administration of an anti-TNF antibody to chronic chagasic patients correlated with Chagas disease reactivation (Vacas et al., 2017; Ringer et al., 2021), thus preventing its use in chagasic patients. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and Chagas disease.