In another study, with pregnant women in Turkey, the authors reported higher maternal and umbilical serum levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α in PE, in addition to significantly higher levels of IL-8 and TNF-α in newborns with IUGR from PE mothers relative to those who, even with PE, had infants with normal foetal growth [71]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and fetal growth restriction.