CCL2 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In addition, TMAO can promote insulin resistance by destroying blood glucose homeostasis and increasing the level of serum inflammatory cytokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and affect lipid metabolism and BA homeostasis by reducing the conversion of cholesterol to BAs, which suggests that TMAO might affect NAFLD indirectly (Tang et al., 2015b).