TNF and Chronic colitis: Furthermore, expression levels of genes encoding proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α were significantly upregulated in the DSS + HF group compared with the chow or HF groups (Figure 1C; IL-1β: DSS + HF vs. chow; p < 0.01, DSS + HF vs. HF; p < 0.05) (TNF-α: DSS + HF vs. chow; p < 0.05, DSS + HF vs. HF; p < 0.05), which implied that hepatic inflammation was aggravated in mice with chronic colitis.