Insulin and leptin resistance, as well as dysregulation of related pathways, are associated with obesity and metabolic disorders (Francisco et al., 2019; Gruzdeva et al., 2019) and central nervous system (CNS) dysfunctions (Cereda et al., 2007; Arnold et al., 2018; Kellar and Craft, 2020). Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.