LEP and infection: HIV-positive individuals frequently suffer neurocognitive disorders (HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, HAND), and influenza A virus (H1N1) have been associated with neurological manifestation in both young and adult patients (Cárdenas et al., 2014; Wilking et al., 2014), with some developing permanent sequelae (Cárdenas et al., 2014), suggesting that defective leptin signaling could affect brain functions through increased infection susceptibility.