It has been shown that probiotics can reduce leptin secretion and improve hypothalamic leptin and insulin resistance in high fat diet-induced obesity models in rodents (Al-muzafar and Amin, 2017; Bagarolli et al., 2017; Ji et al., 2018; Cheng and Liu, 2020). Here, LEP is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.