INS and infection: 1-1. Increased neuroinflammatory gene expression in the brain of HIV/AIDS. 1-2. Insulin treatment suppressed HIV-1 growth and reduced infection-induced CSCL10 and IL-6 expression in HIV-infected microglia. 1-3. Insulin treatment prevented HIV-1 infection-induced neuronal death. 2-1. Insulin treatment enhanced the preservation of cortical neurons, and improved neurobehavioral performance in FIV-infected cats.