Although the hypothalamus is the most well-studied target region regulating systemic energy metabolism (Mitchell and Begg, 2021), specific inactivation of InsR and IGF-1R in the hippocampus and amygdala led to increased anxiety and cognitive impairment in animal models (Soto et al., 2019), indicating the significance of extrahypothalamic and non-metabolic roles for insulin. Here, INS is linked to Cognitive impairment.