TNF and neoplasm: Remarkably, PPD plus Zeb combination therapy upregulated the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, interferon (IFN)-γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and granzyme B (GzmB)) and downregulated the levels of immunosuppressive cytokines (IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β) in tumour tissues (Fig. 4i–n).